Effectiveness of CT-guided percutaneous cordotomy in intractable cancer pain: Experience in 14 patients.

BACKGROUND: Severe and treatment-resistant pain is a major issue for patients with cancer. Cordotomy is an effective approach for addressing severe cancer-related pain. It is based on blocking the transmission of pain by damaging the lateral spinothalamic tract. METHODS: Computed tomography guided cordotomy was performed on 14 patients who did not respond to medical and interventional pain management methods. RESULTS: Fourteen patients with cancer pain underwent CT-guided percutaneous cordotomy. Pain relief was reported in 86% of the patients. The visual analog scale values before and after cordotomy were compared and a significant difference was found (p = 0.0001). The improvement in the Karnofsky Performance Scale score of the patients was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We believe that CT-guided cordotomy, performed by experienced hands in a team of experienced individuals and applied to the right patients, is an effective treatment. However, it is crucial to exercise extreme caution regarding potential side effects and serious complications during the cordotomy procedure.

Endoscopic assisted microscopic posterior cordotomy for bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis using radiofrequency versus coblation.

PURPOSE: To assess the outcomes of endoscopic assisted microscopic posterior cordotomy for bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis (BAVFP) using radiofrequency versus coblation. METHODS: This was a randomized prospective cohort study that carried out on 40 patients with BAVFP who were subjected to endoscopic/assisted microscopic posterior cordotomy. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups: group (A) patients were operated with radiofrequency, and group (B) patients were operated with coblation. Glottic chink, grade of dyspnea, voice handicap index 10 (VHI10), and aspiration were evaluated pre-operatively and 2 weeks and 3 months post-operatively. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in the glottic chink and VHI10 scores postoperatively with a non-significant difference between both groups regarding the degree of improvement. In addition, there was a significant improvement of the grade of dyspnea with a non-significant impact on the degree of aspiration in both groups post operatively. There was a lower incidence of oedema and granulation formation in the coblation group but without a statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Both techniques are effective alternatives for performing posterior transverse cordotomy in cases of BAVFP.

Open Thoracic Cordotomy for Cancer Pain with Intraoperative Neuromonitoring: A Case Series and Critical Review of the Literature.

OBJECTIVE: Cordotomy is a viable option for patients with intractable cancer pain and limited survival. Open thoracic cordotomy is offered when patients are not candidates for percutaneous cordotomy. After the open procedure, traditionally performed purely based on anatomic landmarks, up to 22% of patients experience postoperative limb weakness. The objective of this study is to report our experience with neurophysiology-guided open cordotomy along with a critical review of the literature. METHODS: Between 2019 and 2022, 5 open thoracic cordotomies were performed in our center. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring was used in all cases to guide the lesion and standard single-level laminectomy or hemilaminectomy was performed for exposure. Outcome measures were retrospectively reviewed focusing on pain control and neurologic status. Existing literature on cordotomy was critically reviewed. RESULTS: There was satisfactory pain relief with preservation of motor function in all 5 cases. Temperature sensation was preserved in all but 1 patient, who lost it after the previous ipsilateral percutaneous cordotomy (PCC). No procedural complications were experienced. We found that the neurophysiology monitoring lesion was guided anterior compared with what would have been lesioned on an anatomic basis. CONCLUSIONS: Open thoracic cordotomy is a safe and effective procedure for intractable cancer-related pain. Technical advancements significantly reduced mortality and major morbidity of PCC. Our series suggests that neurophysiology monitoring alters the location of the lesion and may help better targeting of pain fibers within the spinothalamic tract and preserve other long tracts. The safety profile of open cordotomy with neurophysiology compares favorably with the PCC.

Temporal Summation Predicts De Novo Contralateral Pain After Cordotomy in Patients With Refractory Cancer Pain.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous cervical cordotomy (PCC), which selectively interrupts ascending nociceptive pathways in the spinal cord, can mitigate severe refractory cancer pain. It has an impressive success rate, with most patients emerging pain-free. Aside from the usual complications of neurosurgical procedures, the risks of PCC include development of contralateral pain, which is less understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether sensory and pain sensitivity, as measured by quantitative sensory testing (QST), are associated with PCC clinical outcomes. METHODS: Fourteen palliative care cancer patients with severe chronic refractory pain limited mainly to one side of the body underwent comprehensive quantitative sensory testing assessment pre-PPC and post-PCC. They were also queried about maximal pain during the 24 h precordotomy (0-10 numerical pain scale). RESULTS: All 14 patients reported reduced pain postcordotomy, with 7 reporting complete resolution. Four patients reported de novo contralateral pain. Reduced sensitivity in sensory and pain thresholds to heat and mechanical stimuli was recorded on the operated side (P = .028). Sensitivity to mechanical pressure increased on the unaffected side (P = .023), whereas other sensory thresholds were unchanged. The presurgical temporal summation values predicted postoperative contralateral pain (r = 0.582, P = .037). CONCLUSION: The development of contralateral pain in patients postcordotomy for cancer pain might be due to central sensitization. Temporal summation could serve as a potential screening tool to identify those who are most likely at risk to develop contralateral pain. Analysis of PCC affords a unique opportunity to investigate how a specific lesion to the nociceptive system affects pain processes.

Punctate Midline Myelotomy: A Historical Overview and Case Series with Detailed Efficacy and Side Effect Profiles.

OBJECTIVE: To review our experience with punctate midline myelotomy (PMM) for malignant and benign visceral pain with an emphasis on detailed side-effect profiles and efficacy. METHODS: Thirteen adults (5 men) underwent microsurgical transverse-crush PMM. RESULTS: Median follow-up for the benign pain group (n = 6) was 17.5 months (10-72) and for the malignant group (n = 7) was 8 months (0.5-31). Five of seven patients in the malignant pain group obtained excellent, lasting relief. Two had initial relief followed by worsening pain with disease progression. In the benign pain group, two patients with endodermal-origin pain (gastrointestinal tract, bladder) had complete, long-lasting relief. Three patients with mesodermal-origin pain (ureter) had excellent relief for 2-3 months, followed by recurrence in two and partial (40%) recurrence in the third. One man with pre-existing cervical myelopathy underwent PMM for benign testicular-region pain from which he had long-term relief but only transient relief of coexisting low-back and leg pain. There were no motor deficits in either group, and all patients remained ambulatory and continent. The most common side effect was transient numbness of the medial leg and foot. Two patients (both with pre-existing spinal pathology) reported persistent moderate reduction of bowel, bladder, and sexual sensation. CONCLUSIONS: PMM offers substantial pain relief for carefully selected patients with intractable visceral pain. Relief from primarily endoderm-derived structures was most complete and long-lasting. Relief from mesoderm-derived structures was typically transient or incomplete. There was essentially no relief from pain of ectoderm-derived structures. Detailed preoperative counseling is important, especially for those with pre-existing neurologic deficits.

Cervical Cordotomy in Terminal Cancer: Pain Relieving in Oncological Treatment

Cordotomy consists in the discontinuation of the lateral spinothalamic tract (LST) in the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord, which aims to reduce the transference of nociceptive information in the dorsal horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord to the somatosensory cortex. The main indication is for patients with terminal cancer that have a low life expectancy. It improves the quality of life by relieving pain. The results are promising and the pain relief rate varies between 69 and 100%. Generally speaking, the complications are mostly temporary and not remarkable.

Cordotomy for Intractable Cancer Pain: A Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND: Cordotomy is an invasive procedure for the management of intractable pain not controlled by conventional therapies, such as analgesics or nerve block. This procedure involves mechanical disruption of nociceptive pathways in the anterolateral column, specifically the spinothalamic and spinoreticular pathways to relieve pain while preserving fine touch and proprioceptive tracts. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this review article is to refresh our knowledge of cordotomy and support its continued use in managing intractable pain due to malignant disease. STUDY DESIGN: This is a review article with the goal of reviewing and summarizing the pertinent case reports, case series, retrospective studies, prospective studies, and review articles published from 2010 onward on spinal cordotomy. SETTING: The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center. METHODS: PubMed search of keywords "spinal cordotomy," "percutaneous cordotomy," or "open cordotomy" was undertaken. Search results were organized by year of publication. RESULTS: Cordotomy can be performed via percutaneous, open, endoscopic, or transdiscal approach. Percutaneous image-guided approach is the most well-studied and reported technique compared with others, with relatively good pain improvement both in the postoperative and short-term period. The use of open cordotomy has diminished significantly in recent years because of the advent of other less invasive approaches. Cordotomy in children, although rare, has been described in some case reports and case series with reported pain improvement postprocedure. Although complications can vary broadly, some reported side effects include ataxia and paresis due to lesion in the spinocerebellar/corticospinal tract; respiratory failure due to lesion in the reticulospinal tract; or sympathetic dysfunction, bladder dysfunctions, or Horner syndrome due to unintentional lesions in the spinothalamic tract. LIMITATIONS: Review article included literature published only in English. For the studies reviewed, the sample size was relatively small and the patient population was heterogeneous (in terms of underlying disease process, duration of symptoms, previous treatment attempted and length of follow-up). CONCLUSIONS: Cordotomy results in selective loss of pain and temperature perception on the contralateral side, up to several segments below the level of the disruption. The plethora of analgesics available and advanced technologies have reduced the demand for cordotomy in the management of intractable pain. However, some patients with pain unresponsive to medical and procedural management, particularly malignant pain, may benefit from this procedure, and it is a viable treatment option especially for patients with a limited life expectancy whose severe, unilateral pain is unresponsive to analgesic medications. KEY WORDS: Cancer pain, cordotomy complications, cordotomy indications, intractable pain, open cordotomy, percutaneous cordotomy.

Outcomes Following Cordotomy by Coblation for Bilateral Vocal Fold Immobility.

Importance: Bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) can result in considerable voice and airway impairment. Although the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser is commonly used in transverse cordotomy, the coblator, a minimally invasive, low-thermal technology, has been increasingly used in otolaryngology. Objective: To investigate outcomes associated with coblation to treat BVFI. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective case series was conducted between January 2012 and June 2017 including 19 patients with BVFI who underwent cordotomy by coblation in a single tertiary care institution. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical, operative, and health status data for all patients were reviewed. Quality of life was measured by the EuroQol 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D), and the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) was used to measure vocal cord function. Results: Nineteen patients were eligible for inclusion, 15 of which underwent cordotomy by coblation for BVFI without stenosis. Mean age was 57 years with 13 (68%) women. The etiology of BVFI included thyroidectomy in 8 (42%) patients and prolonged intubation in 7 (37%). Mean length of surgery for BVFI without stenosis was 17 minutes; mean operating room (OR) time was 63 minutes compared with 88 scheduled OR minutes (effect size, 25 minutes; 95% CI, 9 to 40 minutes). During follow-up, 4 (27%) of these patients developed granulation tissue postoperatively. Following surgery, patient-reported shortness of breath significantly improved, with 10 of 14 (71%; 95% CI, 45% to 88%) patients with some level of preoperative breathing difficulty experiencing improvement in their breathing. Stridor also significantly improved, with 10 of 12 (83%; 95% CI, 55% to 95%) patients with some level of preoperative stridor improved after surgery. The EQ-5D results trended toward improvement postoperatively (0.67 to 0.80; effect size, 0.13; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.34). The functional (22 to 12; effect size, -10; 95% CI, -19 to -2), emotional (23 to 11; effect size, -12; 95% CI, -23 to -3), and total VHI all significantly improved (68 to 39; effect size, -29; 95% CI, -49 to -8). Conclusions and Relevance: Initial outcomes of cordotomy by coblation revealed that this technique was a safe and efficient approach to treating BVFI. Coblation was associated with significant reduction in OR time compared with scheduled time, and patients experienced significant improvement in shortness of breath, stridor, and vocal cord function.

Unilateral Lower Extremity Pain Due to Malignancy Managed With Cordotomy: A Case Report.

Cancer pain management is comprehensive, and it generally begins with pharmacotherapy in a step-wise approach per analgesic guidelines established decades ago by the World Health Organization. This analgesic ladder involves the prescribing of co-analgesics, adjuvants, and opioids, with each step depending on pain severity. Although the majority of cancer pain responds to this strategy, there exist patients who do not respond adequately or experience significant side effects or intolerance to pain medications. It is in these patients whom clinicians consider interventional approaches. One approach to manage unremitting unilateral malignant pain includes evaluation for cordotomy, which is an approach that has been effective in such cases. We present a patient with breast cancer metastatic to the pelvis, with associated severe pelvic and right lower limb pain. Due to progressive disease, her pain worsened despite aggressive opioid dose escalations. She ultimately underwent percutaneous left anterolateral cervical cordotomy for malignant right leg pain, resulting in complete resolution of leg pain. We propose that, in select patients with neoplasm-related pain, cordotomy may prove very effective. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.

Microendoscopy-guided percutaneous cordotomy for intractable pain: case series of 24 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to show that microendoscopic guidance using a double-channel technique could be safely applied during percutaneous cordotomy and provides clear real-time visualization of the spinal cord and surrounding structures during the entire procedure. METHODS: Twenty-four adult patients with intractable cancer pain were treated by microendoscopic-guided percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) cordotomy using the double-channel technique under local anesthesia. A percutaneous lateral puncture was performed initially under fluoroscopy guidance to localize the target. When the subarachnoid space was reached by the guiding cannula, the endoscope was inserted for visualization of the spinal cord and surrounding structures. After target visualization, a second needle was inserted to guide the RF electrode. Cordotomy was performed by a standard RF method. RESULTS: The microendoscopic double-channel approach provided real-time visualization of the target in 91% of the cases. The other 9% of procedures were performed by the single-channel technique. Significant analgesia was achieved in over 90% of the cases. Two patients had transient ataxia that lasted for a few weeks until total recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The use of percutaneous microendoscopic cordotomy with the double-channel technique is useful for specific manipulations of the spinal cord. It provides real-time visualization of the RF probe, thereby adding a degree of safety to the procedure.

Percutaneous cervical cordotomy in cancer pain.

The aim of this study was to review all published articles in the literature in English regarding percutaneous cervical cordotomy in cancer pain. Percutaneous cordotomy may be used to relieve unilateral pain below the level of the neck arising from a variety of causes. It is particularly indicated for unilateral chest pain associated with malignant disease. We searched for reports on MEDLINE and EMBASE using the terms 'percutaneous cordotomy', 'fluoroscopy', 'computed tomography,' and 'cancer pain' up to and including 2013. Reports were also located through references of articles. This review leads us to conclude that percutaneous cervical cordotomy can be recommended even before considering the use of strong opioids.

Usefulness of cordotomy in patients with cancer who experience bilateral pain: implications of increased pain and new pain.

BACKGROUND: Although mirror pain occurs after cordotomy in patients experiencing unilateral pain via a referred pain mechanism, no studies have examined whether this pain mechanism operates in patients who have bilateral pain. OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of cordotomy for bilateral pain from the viewpoint of increased pain or new pain caused by a referred pain mechanism. METHODS: Twenty-six patients who underwent percutaneous cordotomy through C1-C2 for severe bilateral cancer pain in the lumbosacral nerve region were enrolled. Pain was dominant on 1 side in 23 patients, and pain was equally severe on both sides in 3 patients. Unilateral cordotomy was performed for the dominant side of pain, and bilateral cordotomy was performed for 13 patients in whom pain on the nondominant side developed or remained severe after cordotomy. RESULTS: After unilateral cordotomy, 19 patients (73.1%) exhibited increased pain, which for 14 patients was as severe as the original dominant pain. After bilateral cordotomy, 7 patients (53.4%) exhibited new pain, which was located cephalad to the region rendered analgesic by cordotomy and was better controlled than the original pain. No pathological organic causes of new pain were found in any patient, and evidence of a referred pain mechanism was found in 3 patients after bilateral cordotomy. CONCLUSION: These results show that a referred pain mechanism causes increased or new pain after cordotomy in patients with bilateral pain. Nevertheless, cordotomy can still be indicated for patients with bilateral pain because postoperative pain is better controlled than the original pain.

Percutaneous cervical cordotomy for the management of pain from cancer: a prospective review of 45 cases.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous cervical cordotomy (PCC) is a well recognized but infrequently performed procedure for the relief of unilateral intractable pain from malignancy. There is a paucity of data regarding efficacy and safety of PCC. OBJECTIVES: The study's objectives were to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of PCC in cancer pain. DESIGN: The study was a prospective review of 45 cases undergoing PCC at a tertiary referral center over a three-year period. SETTINGS/SUBJECTS: All patients were suffering from severe, refractory unilateral pain secondary to malignancy with poor pain relief or intolerable side effects of conventional analgesics including opioids and adjuvants. MEASUREMENTS: Variables recorded preprocedure, at 2 days, and at 28 days postprocedure were numerical rating scale for maximum and average pain, oral morphine equivalent dose, and global impression of change. Adverse events and survival postprocedure were recorded. RESULTS: Prospective data was obtained in 45 patients. Survival postprocedure ranged from 7 days to 33 months. There was a significant reduction from baseline in pain scores at 2 days and at 28 days postprocedure. Thirty-two patients experienced significant pain relief--average numerical rating scale (NRS) of zero--on day 2. Improvement in pain scores was sustained at 28 days. There were no serious adverse events observed such as respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS: PCC is a safe and highly effective procedure to treat intractable unilateral cancer pain. It offers significant advantages over other pain control methods. Patient selection and attention to detail is paramount for a successful outcome.

Differential diagnosis between intracranial dissemination of spinal cord astrocytoma and paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis.

We describe the clinical features of limbic encephalitis that developed after palliative spinal cordotomy in 2 patients with malignant thoracic astrocytoma. Both patients showed short-term memory loss, hallucinations of smells and psychiatric symptoms. Brain MRI on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences revealed high intensity lesions in bilateral temporal lobe areas. We considered that both patients had paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with astrocytoma because of various clinical and radiological features. But the possibility of intracranial dissemination of astrocytoma could not be fully excluded. The differential diagnosis between intracranial dissemination of spinal cord astrocytoma and paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis may be sometimes difficult.

Commissural myelotomy in the treatment of intractable visceral pain: technique and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Commissural myelotomy can be valuable for patients with intractable pain associated with malignancy in the abdominal or pelvic region. METHODS: Between December 1992 and June 2009, 11 patients underwent commissural myelotomy at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center for the treatment of intractable lower extremity, thoracic, pelvic or sacral pain associated with unresectable tumors. The various surgical approaches to myelotomy are discussed. RESULTS: Eight patients had excellent or good outcomes with regard to pain relief, defined as no further pain (excellent) or a significant reduction in pain and not requiring opioids stronger than codeine (good). Complications included new leg weakness (n = 3) and bladder dysfunction (n = 1). CONCLUSION: We found that for the properly selected patient, open midline commissural myelotomy can provide effective pain relief with acceptable postoperative morbidity.